What is the difference between a psychologist, a psychiatrist, a psychotherapist, and a psychoanalyst?
Psychologist: The title of psychologist reflects both an academic qualification (five years of university study, equivalent to a Master’s degree) and a legally protected professional status under French law, notably Laws No. 85-772 of 25 July 1985 and No. 2002-303 of 4 March 2002. Psychologists must be registered with the relevant professional register, formerly ADELI and now RPPS, managed through the French health system. This registration authorises them to practise under the title of psychologist, regardless of their professional setting. Their training combines theoretical knowledge with practical experience gained through supervised placements. Psychologists specialise in psychological functioning and support individuals experiencing psychological or emotional difficulties. Unlike psychiatrists, psychologists are not medical doctors and cannot prescribe medication. They are expected to adhere to a professional code of ethics that safeguards confidentiality, respects individuals’ rights, and promotes ethical practice.
Psychotherapist: Since 2010, the title of psychotherapist has been strictly regulated in France. Only individuals who have obtained specific authorisation from the Regional Health Agency (Agence Régionale de Santé, ARS), confirming that they meet the required qualifications, may use this title. Although psychologists and psychiatrists can also practise psychotherapy, the title of psychotherapist may be held by professionals who are neither psychologists nor medical doctors. Psychotherapists are trained in various therapeutic approaches and methods of psychological support, according to their qualifications and areas of specialisation.
Psychiatrist: A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who specialises in the diagnosis and treatment of mental health disorders. The title is legally protected, and psychiatrists are bound by the medical code of ethics. Consultations with psychiatrists are covered by the French national health insurance system (Sécurité sociale), subject to the applicable reimbursement conditions. Psychiatrists are authorised to prescribe medication, including antidepressants, anti-anxiety medication, mood stabilisers, and antipsychotics, to treat psychiatric conditions such as mood disorders, psychotic disorders, and severe anxiety disorders. They may also provide psychotherapy alongside medication when appropriate.
Psychoanalyst: A psychoanalyst is a professional who focuses on exploring the unconscious mind. This discipline is based on theories developed by Sigmund Freud and his successors. Training typically involves an in-depth study of psychoanalytic theory and an extended period of personal analysis, often lasting several years. This personal analysis helps psychoanalysts develop a deeper understanding of unconscious dynamics while providing a framework for helping patients explore their own unconscious mental processes. Psychoanalysis focuses on understanding internal conflicts, defence mechanisms, and the influence of the unconscious on behaviour and relationships.
What if I don’t feel comfortable or understood?
There may be times when, despite my best efforts to offer a supportive and compassionate space, you feel that something is not quite right between us. Sometimes, a word or a sentence may not resonate with you as you expected. It is important to talk about this. Our therapeutic relationship is built on open communication and authenticity. At times, this feeling may reflect experiences in your other relationships or in your life outside therapy, offering an opportunity for us to explore it together. Nothing is set in stone in therapy; everything can be explored and worked through.
Do I need to prepare anything before each session?
If you feel like writing down a few thoughts or questions beforehand, feel free to do so. Otherwise, you can simply let things unfold naturally. What matters most is what happens during the session. Sometimes, the most valuable discoveries emerge when things take an unexpected turn.
What Can I Expect from the First Session?
The first session is a little like opening a door to an unfamiliar space. If you’re not sure where to begin, don’t worry. You can start by talking about what has brought you to therapy. I’ll be there to guide you, even if you struggle to find the right words at first. The most important thing is to take that first step, knowing that you are in a safe and supportive space.
How Often Should I Attend Sessions, and How Long Will Therapy Last?
There is no one-size-fits-all answer. The frequency of sessions depends on your needs, your pace, and what you are going through. We can meet weekly, once a month, or whenever you feel the need. What matters most is that the process feels meaningful to you.
Therapy may last just a few sessions or continue over several years. It is not a race, but a journey we undertake together, at a pace that works for you.
What Can I Expect from This Process?
Therapy offers a space where you can set down what weighs on you and explore your thoughts and emotions without judgment. I will be there to support you, but this is a collaborative process. There is no magic formula; instead, we will work together to build meaningful change, step by step, helping you feel more in tune with yourself.
Do I Have to Share Everything During Sessions?
You are the captain of this inner journey. You are not obliged to reveal everything. You can share whatever you feel comfortable sharing, at your own pace. I am here to support you, not to judge you. At times, I may point out inconsistencies or contradictions, but always with the aim of helping you gain understanding and move forward, never to criticise you.
Why Can Therapy Feel Difficult at Times?
Opening your heart and sharing your thoughts with someone you do not yet know well takes courage. It is perfectly normal to feel uncomfortable, especially when exploring deep-seated emotions. However, discomfort does not necessarily mean suffering; it may simply be a sign that you are working through something important. And that is part of the process.